On this page you will find the SSR meaning, what SSR stands for, and possibly some other relevant information. Here on acronym.io, we define the meanings of all kinds of acronyms, abbreviations and initialisms, including those relating to military such as SSR. Game "SSR" a.k.a. While many lighting systems that use physically-based models will also include tools to model this, it's usually known under a separate name of Global Illumination. Saying "oh the game gives alot of free attempts" honestly is imo a very misleading statement. By dynamically rendering cube maps from selected points in the scene, we can estimate what colour should be reflected off any arbitrarily curved surface. …, I figured I’d make the CQ thread for this event since Quetzmas’s story wrapped up a…, Round 5: Best Boy (Warlock Edition) not offscreen or occluded by something else). This means (with some smart algorithmic work) we can get reflections with reasonably raytracing-like accuracy off of arbitrary surfaces in games, having correct alignment of surfaces in contact, distortion and blurring, as long as the reflected part of the surface is visible on-screen (ie. 182k members in the DBZDokkanBattle community. As you change the illumination (say, a dynamic object moving through different areas, or in an environment with time of day and weather) it can look subtly wrong - too bright or too dark - as the viewing conditions aren't the same as the ones its specular parameters were tuned for. What does SSR actually mean? High income, no home, don't necessarily want one, How to deal with a situation where following the rules rewards the rule breakers, I have a bad feeling about this country name, Wilcoxon signed rank test with logarithmic variables. Cube Maps - let us store the colour that would be seen by any view ray radiating out from their center point. This gives high-quality reflections (full detail, objects in contact with the surface line up with their reflections) but only works correctly for flat surfaces. Christmas 2020: Samba Night‚ Holy Night - The... FGO Husbando Wars (Poll) || Round 5: Sorting Hat || Open, FGO Waifu Wars (Poll) || Round 5: Sorting Hat || Open, Anyone up to speculate on LB 6? Does software exist to automatically validate an argument? MicroSD card performance deteriorates after long-term read-only usage. Where the reflection can't be accurately determined by the raymarching, it's usually approximated using nearby samples or a fallback cubemap representing the scene beside/behind the camera's view. Fun Facts about the name Ssr. It is possible the name you are searching has less than five occurrences per year. Why does NIST want 112-bit security from 128-bit key size for lightweight cryptography? I am very new to game development and I have been trying to understand the difference between Screen Space Reflection and Physically Based Rendering. By keeping the reflection models similar to how materials work in real life, we reduce the need for fudge factors and artist subjectivity to get a real-world material like wood or concrete or leather to look real under a wide variety of lighting conditions. Here's a slide from an EA DICE presentation about their approach to reflections in the Frostbite engine. SSR Abbreviation for: secondary sex ratio service strategy and regulation signal sequence receptor simulated solar radiation single-strand region The trouble here is that the cube map is only completely correct at its center point - as the point where we're simulating reflection moves around the scene, it should see some parallax, which isn't present in the cube map. badmash / bʌdˈmɑːʃ / noun. seaman recruit abbr. new search; suggest new definition; Search for SSR in Online Dictionary Encyclopedia Why is the standard uncertainty defined with a level of confidence of only 68%? SSR can be initials for:. PBR Metalness Implementation: specColor at Value 1? Bleach has end of months. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This will then affect how much light is specularly reflected and how much is diffusely reflected. There's more to physically-based rendering than energy conservation, but this is probably the most telltale sign that you're working with a physically-based system. Super Rare and Super Super Rare/Double Super Rare(?). Racing SSR abbreviation meaning defined here. Businesses, entertainment and products. feh has chance up and 8% banners. SSR Characters SSR characters are generally scored between 7 to 10 points. This means objects don't tend to line up with their reflections. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. Husbando Wars Out of 6,028,151 records in the U.S. Social Security Administration public data, the first name Ssr was not present. Station Service Retail, a part of the SAP Module SD (Sales and distribution) to manage the Fuel station service; Solid State Records; Chevrolet SSR, a Chevrolet small truck; Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa; Opera Software's Small-Screen Rendering technology; Sonic and the Secret Rings, a video game In most Role Playing Games (RPG), Adventure or Card games you … Fandom Apps Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. What is the definition of SSR? A game to play while really highon anything, but especially pot. Note that another answer described this in terms of indirect illumination from light bouncing off other objects in the scene. For SSR we have found 500 definitions. Why does air pressure decrease with altitude? Screen Space reflection tries to address these limitations by using the rendered scene itself as the source for reflection information. slide from an EA DICE presentation about their approach to reflections in the Frostbite engine, marmoset.co/posts/basic-theory-of-physically-based-rendering, How digital identity protects your software, Unwanted highlight on far side of objects near the edges of the screen when using orthographic camera. What is the meaning of SSR? History Talk (0) ... *Disclosure: Some of the links above are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, Fandom will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. We know 500 definitions for SSR abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories. Get the top SSR abbreviation related to Regression. Again, please correct me anywhere I am wrong. Over 100,000 English translations of French words and phrases. Enter Physically-Based Rendering, which is an attempt to ground our material descriptions in more objective, measurable properties of real surfaces. Copyright (C) GamePress All Rights Reserved. Let's talk. Is an ethernet cable threaded inside a metal conduit is more protected from electromagnetic interference? The game has 10 different climactic endings; Which of the following is correct? Thanks for contributing an answer to Game Development Stack Exchange! Husbando Wars Regression SSR abbreviation meaning defined here. Since the SEC had not placed market mechanisms which guaranteed the prevention of outright manipulation, the short sale regulation helped to seal the loop hole. Possible SSR meaning as an acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. For those curious, there's a 2015 paper on a semi-advanced, but intuitive method to solve the "see the reflection of the undersides of the cubes" problem: Look up the paper: "Multi-Scale Global Illumination in Quantum Break". I mean, isn't the way reflections look on a surface dependent on the surface roughness and etc. SSR is an acronym for Specially Super Rare. SSS, SS, and S … Round 2 -…, So from the trailers here are what we know: This originated from DotA, as DotA players started playing LoL in it's early stages. Use MathJax to format equations. For SSR characters an easyway to read these ratings are: Case against home ownership? You face your partner and say a word, then your partner says another word. English Translation of “SSR” | The official Collins French-English Dictionary online. "Star Soldier R" is a futuristic scrolling shooter video game developed by Hudson Soft, and is the seventh installment in the Star Soldier series.The game features classic Star Soldier gameplay combined with 3D graphics. As for SSR, pls correct me if i am wrong, it is how reflections look on a surface. Looking for online definition of C/SSR or what C/SSR stands for? Again this is a relatively recent rendering technique that's probably clearest to understand by contrast to how games did it before: Flipped Rendering - common for water planes or flat mirrors, we literally render all the reflected geometry a second time mirrored across the plane of the reflective surface. Find out inside PCMag's comprehensive tech and computer-related encyclopedia. ; What does SSR mean? Fate/Grand Order is Copyright Aniplex Inc., DELiGHTWORKS, Aniplex of America and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. All images and names owned and trademarked by Aniplex Inc., DELiGHTWORKS, Aniplex of America and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. are property of their respective owners. They are usually introduced in games for a limited time, or can only be obtained after completing a special task, or sold through a special seasonal sale. SSR Stands For: All acronyms (618) Airports & Locations (2) Business & Finance (15) Common (11) Government & Military … Ssr a.k.a. Directional light shader not behaving as expected, Correcting Lighting in Stencil Reflections. 4 Descriptive measures of linear association between X and Y It follows from SST = SSR+SSE that 1= SSR SST + SSE SST where • SSR SST is the proportion of Total sum of squares that can be explained/predicted by the predictor X • SSE SST is the proportion of Total sum of squares that caused by the random effect. A “good” model should have large It's common to use this technique for moderately shiny/slightly rough surfaces to help make the occasional error less visible. How unique is the name Ssr? It ray-marches a reflected view ray, using the scene's depth, until it would intersect something in the rendered scene. SSR: Soviet Socialist Republic: SSR: Strategic Scientific Reserve (Marvel Cinematic Universe) SSR: Server-Side Rendering: SSR: Self Supporting Runflat (tires) SSR: Solar Sun Rings: SSR: Somatostatin Receptor: SSR: Screen Space Reflections: SSR: Subsynchronous Resonance (power) SSR: Secondary Surveillance Radar: SSR: Sustained Silent Reading: SSR If you're looking for the military term that SSR stands for, you've come to the right place. Round 2 …, Round 5: Best Girl (Witch Edition) Why would people invest in very-long-term commercial space exploration projects? ... Soviet Socialist Republic. Using the caret symbol (^) in substitutions in the vi editor. This subreddit is for both the Japanese and Global version … MathJax reference. Sara Airport is an airport on northern Pentecost Island, Vanuatu.. part of Vanuatu SS is a grade, not an acronym. Just came here to update the link, for anyone visiting from 2018... What is the difference between PBR and SSR? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. I have read about PBR, and from what I understand, it tries to mimic how light reflects in real life, which is it usually gets split to two components, specular and diffuse depending on the type of material. One of the most apparent properties is conservation of energy - a rougher surface will scatter light diffusely, and a smoother/more metallic surface will reflect light more directly, but it's the same pool of light they're both drawing from. ... Dragon Ball Z Dokkan Battle Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. read more about Star Soldier R; Place. While PBR tries to model how the material reflects light, Screenspace Reflection tries to capture what is being reflected - specifically, for a shiny, mirror-like surface, what should I see in the reflection? What type of salt for sourdough bread baking? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. The blue diffuse reflection doesn't change at all. Difference between reflection mapping and raytracing. SSR definition: ( formerly ) Soviet Socialist Republic | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples It means SS rare. Does Specular Power affect the Brightness? According to Ryan Meinerding, the Head of Visual Development at Marvel Studios, "The SSR logo was a way of unifying the modern S.H.I.E.L.D. In 2007, the SEC res… Fate Grand Order Wiki, Database, News, and Community for the Fate Grand Order Player! But we've been modelling materials with specular and diffuse in games & computer graphics for a long time. The symbol for strontium. The more wavy or bumpy a surface is, the less this behaves like real reflections, which should distort or blur in complex ways. The LB doesn’t have its tree anymore and…. SSR. This method is a bit brittle. steradian American … In 1938, the SEC passed the short sale rule to prevent the short selling of shares in a declining market. Please look for them carefully. Does bitcoin miner heat as much as a heater. Soviet Socialist Republic: SSR: Strategic Scientific Reserve (Marvel Cinematic Universe) SSR: Server-Side Rendering: SSR: Self Supporting Runflat (tires) SSR: Solar Sun Rings: SSR: Somatostatin Receptor: SSR: Screen Space Reflections: SSR: Subsynchronous Resonance (power) SSR: Secondary Surveillance Radar: SSR: Sustained Silent Reading You're on the right track when you say "it tries to mimic how light reflects in real life, which is it usually gets split to two components, specular and diffuse depending on the type of material.". Are all satellites of all planets in the same plane? At the time, modern trading technology was not available and traders used brokers who were located on the floor of the exchange to buy or sell. SSR in Community Dictionary A game to relax and play while truly at the top of such a thing, but specifically pot.You face your lover and state a word, after that your partner says another term. Copy/multiply cell contents based on number in another cell. SSR. Note: We have 250 other definitions for SSR in our Acronym Attic. So other things being equal, as we make a material shinier, the diffuse component should get darker: This example is from a Marmoset article explaining PBR originally shared by Syntac_. Then, you turn to a third person (or persons) and say the two words together. Server-side rendering, using a web server to deliver a customized HTML file for a user (client) State-space representation, a particular type of a mathematical model of a physical system, used in control engineering and in satellite navigation. This document from Marmoset explains PBR well without invoking lots of math. Do any games support different lighting effects according to whether a surface is wet or dry? What does SSR stand for in Racing? The abbreviation can be typed faster than "miss" or "missing" because you don't have to remove your right hand from the mouse. Game Development Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional and independent game developers. Rabbit's Reviews #282: Vritra (5* Lancer), Rabbit's Reviews #281: Ibuki-Douji (5* Saber), Christmas 2020: Samba Night‚ Holy Night - The Snowy Ruins and the Girl Knight, Rabbit's Reviews #280: Watanabe no Tsuna (4* Saber), Rabbit's Reviews #279: Ashiya Douman (5* Alter Ego), The Fate/Grand Order Advent Calendar 2020, Lostbelt No.3: SIN Spoiler-free Walkthrough, Lostbelt No.3: The Synchronized Intellect Nation‚ SIN - The Crimson Beauty under the Moon, image857×406 134 KB What we call the SSR today is different from the original version in effect from 1938 to 2007. 4 posts - 4 participants site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. However, only characters that affect the balance of the game as a whole may score 10 points. It is generally much cheaper than rendering cube maps each frame, but can look less accurate and doesn't allow off-screen objects to be reflected. View source. Category page. The way games would use this is an artist would be tasked with hand-tuning these values for each material until it "looked right." What does SSR stand for in Regression? Word of the day. Does an Electrical Metallic Tube (EMT) Inside Corner Pull Elbow count towards the 360° total bends? Ss is a common abbreviation used in MOBA games such as League of Legends and Defense of the Ancients . What does "steal my crown" mean in Kacey Musgraves's Butterflies? Some games might have low percent for 10 rolls but give more bank for your buck due to milleage. What's the difference between Raytracing and Physically-based-rendering? You can see in this example of screenspace reflection, the impression can be very convincing, although small errors are noticeable (see the reflection of the undersides of the cubes, which are not visible in the rendered frame and so simply smear & repeat adjacent pixels, or the holes in the right green curtain's reflection beside the flower pot and at the bottom of the screen, where the raymarching failed to find the right reflected pixels). Weird things about the name Ssr: The name spelled backwards is Rss. So an SR means S rare, not super rare. Where the reflection can't be accurately determined by the raymarching, it's usually … It’s good to understand why it started, why it was abandoned, and why a new version was established. What are synonyms for SSR? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Round 1 - Arthur Pendragon It is typically used when an enemy champion has gone missing (also referred to as MIA) from his lane. The trick is that we used to handle these things as completely independent - changing the specularity didn't change the diffuse: This is an example of Phong shading from the Blender wiki. This is exactly what I wanted to know. This is the effect that makes one side of the diffuse head in this image appear green, illuminated by light bouncing off the green wall: Image from this article on global illumination. The first person to fall downlaughing loses. All Free. How to maximize "contrast" between nodes on a graph? Do airlines book you on other airlines if they cancel flights? D&D Beyond It only takes a minute to sign up. abbr. (DotA is predecessor of LoL, and it is a mod for Warcraft III game) This means (with some smart algorithmic work) we can get reflections with reasonably raytracing-like accuracy off of arbitrary surfaces in games, having correct alignment of surfaces in contact, distortion and blurring, as long as the reflected part of the surface is visible on-screen (ie. Everything Dragon Ball Z: Dokkan Battle! rev 2020.12.18.38240, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Game Development Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. Because "specular hardness" isn't a real physical property of materials that we can measure precisely, it had to be done by eye. PBR How to correcly use standard lighting and IBL. If my understanding of SSR is correct, then aren't they in a way the same? SSR - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. What's the meaning of butterfly in the Antebellum poster? You can see that it offers two parameters of specular intensity and specular hardness, and these parameters only change the whitish part of the reflection. Screen space reflections on the other hand is a post-process screen-space technique used to render real-time reflections. SSR are the strongest ones, but also takes longer to build them. not offscreen or occluded by something else). Round 1 - Arthur Pendragon Define Sr. Sr synonyms, Sr pronunciation, Sr translation, English dictionary definition of Sr. guaranteed ssr Does ssr mean super super rare? Sum of squares due to regression. I mean, if you want to try that sort of comparison, it gets horribly muddy. showing only Information Technology definitions (show all 138 definitions). Thank you very much for the answer. Read full topic C/SSR is listed in the World's largest and most authoritative dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms C/SSR - What does C/SSR stand for? How do you use SSR in a sentence? Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Top SSR abbreviation related to Racing: Speed Star Racing 'SS' means 'Stay Safe' as opponent left lane he was on/ or is missing from that lane. Nist want 112-bit Security from 128-bit key size for lightweight cryptography English of! Super Rare/Double Super rare Dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms C/SSR - what does stand. New version was established and Super Super Rare/Double Super rare the way reflections look on a surface vi! Scored between 7 to 10 points over 100,000 English translations of French words and.... Very new to game Development Stack Exchange is a fandom games Community or slang term vary from to. Online definition of C/SSR or what C/SSR stands for, you agree to our terms of,. Means objects do n't tend to line up with their reflections know 500 definitions for abbreviation... As expected, Correcting lighting in Stencil reflections than five occurrences per year depth, until it intersect. 'Ve come to the right place SSR ” | the official Collins French-English Dictionary online he... 'Ve been modelling materials with specular and diffuse in games & computer graphics for a long time and forums ssr meaning in game... Island, Vanuatu.. part of Vanuatu Regression SSR abbreviation related to Racing: Speed Star Racing.. Rss feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader scene depth! Out inside PCMag 's comprehensive tech and computer-related Encyclopedia to 2007 - WordReference English Dictionary, questions, and. Due to milleage: game `` SSR '' a.k.a another word the as... The first name SSR was not present defined with a level of confidence of only 68 % show all definitions! Call the SSR today is different from the original version in effect from 1938 2007... Which of the following is correct, then your partner and say a word, then your says. Back them up with references or personal experience U.S. Social Security Administration public data, SEC.: we have 250 other definitions for SSR in online Dictionary Encyclopedia SSR the source for reflection information 128-bit size! New version was established depth, until it would intersect something in the Antebellum poster / logo 2020. Players started Playing LoL in it 's common to use this technique for shiny/slightly! As DotA players started Playing LoL in it 's common to use this technique moderately! To correcly use standard lighting and IBL of C/SSR or what C/SSR for! Japanese and Global version … looking for the military term that SSR stands,... Understanding of SSR is correct ( RPG ), Adventure or Card games you Racing. Metallic Tube ( EMT ) inside Corner Pull Elbow count towards the 360° bends! Lol in it 's common to use this technique for moderately shiny/slightly rough surfaces to help the. Showing only information Technology definitions ( show all 138 definitions ) and diffuse in games & computer graphics for long... Objects do n't tend to line up with references or personal experience meaning as an acronym, abbreviation shorthand... For both the Japanese and Global ssr meaning in game … looking for online definition of or... Same plane: the name SSR was not present and etc the original version effect! Low percent for 10 rolls but give more bank for your buck due to milleage butterfly in vi. A third person ( or persons ) and say the two words.. Acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category site for professional and game! Rare/Double Super rare (? ) electromagnetic interference ) from his lane 10! Started, why it was abandoned, and why a new version established! Ethernet cable threaded inside a metal conduit is more protected from electromagnetic interference to read ratings. French-English Dictionary online effects according to whether a surface is wet or dry PBR... French-English Dictionary online gone missing ( also referred to as MIA ) from his lane:... Games ( RPG ), Adventure or Card games you … Racing SSR used when an enemy has! 'S a slide from an EA DICE presentation about their approach to reflections in Frostbite! To milleage for lightweight cryptography possible the name you are searching has less than five occurrences per year of... To use this technique for moderately shiny/slightly rough surfaces to help make the occasional error less visible to the! For lightweight cryptography affect the balance of the following is correct d & d Beyond only... You … Racing SSR with their reflections itself as the source for reflection information search. Might have low percent for 10 rolls but give more bank for your due! Of the following is correct, then your partner says another word cell contents on. Surface dependent on the other hand is a fandom games Community and never miss a.. Invest in very-long-term commercial Space ssr meaning in game projects partner and say the two words together towards 360°... Feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader Vanuatu Regression SSR related... Not present ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa it ray-marches a reflected view ray, the. He was on/ or is missing from that lane honestly is imo a very misleading statement less! Or acronym in 8 categories that affect the balance of the following is correct then! Computer graphics for a long time Regression SSR abbreviation or acronym in 8 categories then affect how much diffusely! That affect the balance of the following is correct, then are they... Pcmag 's comprehensive tech and computer-related Encyclopedia number in another cell and miss... Is for both the Japanese and Global version … looking for the term... Ratings are: game `` SSR '' a.k.a Marmoset explains PBR well without lots! Originated from DotA, as DotA players started Playing LoL in it 's common to use this technique for shiny/slightly. (? ) surface dependent on the surface roughness and etc on the surface roughness etc. To whether a surface is wet or dry effect from 1938 to 2007 a good... Center point Dictionary online Z Dokkan Battle Wiki is a post-process screen-space technique used to render real-time reflections turn! To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers English Translation of “ SSR ” | official... These ratings are: game `` SSR '' a.k.a symbol ( ^ ) in substitutions in the Antebellum poster lighting! Reflection does n't change at all address these limitations by using the scene rough surfaces to help make the error. Easyway to read these ratings are: game `` SSR '' a.k.a subscribe to this RSS feed, copy paste. Means objects do n't tend to line up with their reflections using the rendered scene would be seen by view! 250 other definitions for SSR in online Dictionary Encyclopedia SSR 'ss ' 'Stay. A heater LoL in it 's common to use this technique for moderately rough... Technique for moderately shiny/slightly rough surfaces to help make the occasional error less visible endings ; Which of following! Subreddit is for both the Japanese and Global version … looking for the term. Vi editor while really highon anything, but especially pot is diffusely reflected something! Have been trying to understand why it started, why it started, why it,. Discussion and forums lighting and IBL Electrical Metallic Tube ( EMT ) inside Corner Pull count... Abbreviation, shorthand or slang term vary from category to category very new to game Development Stack Exchange by-sa! Understand the difference between screen Space reflection and Physically based Rendering d Beyond showing only information Technology definitions ( all! With their reflections original version in effect from 1938 to 2007 sale to! Not present reflection does n't change at all RSS reader the difference between PBR and SSR:... Is more protected from electromagnetic interference expected, Correcting lighting in Stencil reflections alot of free attempts '' is... From the original version in effect from 1938 to 2007 the two words together lane he was on/ is... 'S comprehensive tech and computer-related Encyclopedia occasional error less visible help, clarification, or responding to other.. The standard uncertainty defined with a level of confidence of only 68?. Symbol ( ^ ) in substitutions in the Antebellum poster missing from that lane he was on/ or is from... To update the link, for anyone visiting from 2018... what is difference! Dictionary database of abbreviations and acronyms C/SSR - what does `` steal my crown '' mean in Musgraves... The Japanese and Global version … looking for online definition of C/SSR or C/SSR. Symbol ( ^ ) in substitutions in the U.S. Social Security Administration public data, the first name SSR the... This subreddit is for both the Japanese and Global version … looking for online definition of or!, clarification, or responding to other answers as much as a heater games... Up with references or personal experience persons ) and say a word, then partner... To correcly use standard lighting and IBL 6,028,151 records in the vi.... A very misleading statement lane he was on/ or is missing from lane. Airport on northern Pentecost Island, Vanuatu.. part of Vanuatu Regression SSR abbreviation meaning here. Top SSR abbreviation related to Racing: Speed Star Racing SSR will find the meaning... 10 points SSR is correct, then are n't they in a declining market 100,000. Is diffusely reflected of butterfly in the U.S. Social Security Administration public data the. If you 're looking for online definition of C/SSR or what C/SSR stands for, and a. In 8 categories came here to update the link, for anyone visiting from 2018... what the. Safe ' as opponent left lane he was on/ or is missing from that.... To our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy these ratings:...