structure and mechanical properties of beetle wings: a review

Export citations: BibTeX RIS band gap (PBG) structure has been developed which consists of, an anisotropic nematic layer sandwiched between two cholesteric, liquid-crystal layers with different helical pitches and, by doping, the anisotropic defect layer with a laser dye, an efficient lasing, The ultra-bright whiteness of certain beetle, scales has inspired the development of optimization principles, for the manufacture of white paper where it is normal to coat. A beetle’s functional wings, which allow flying, are the hind wings. This work directs the design and fabrication of surfaces with gradient wetting behavior by mimicking the nanopillars on cicada wing surface. In order to identify the wettability properties of beetle wings, their contact angles (CA) were investigated. characteristics are also related with lifestyle habits and require-, As for butterfly wings, there is a strikingly diverse array of, iridescence mechanisms in beetles, and sometimes they are, referred to as ‘‘living jewels’’. Based on this reversible interlocking of nanofibers, a flexible and, highly sensitive strain-gauge sensor was designed (Fig. tensile test, the mechanical properties of elytra appear to be, related to the arrangement of a tough type of anisotropic chitin, However, it is difficult to measure their local, mechanical properties, as they are highly structured biological, composite materials with micro-scale thickness. dragonfly wings and their role on flyability, 100 J. Y. for broadband scattering in several ultra-thin white beetle scales. What makes beetles especially interesting as a group is that the membranous hind-wings, which are the main lift generating surfaces, are generally much larger than the highly-modified fore-wings or elytra beneath which they are folded at rest. Rather than seeking to prevent these characteristic defects, we utilize them to improve the damage resistance of printed structures by systematically controlling their distribution within a single material. for beetles to change color reversibly and rapidly for species and. Their inner structure helps to provide light mass and high strength. A similar result was reported in the exocuticles of beetles by Sun and Bhushan, who characterized the structure and mechanical properties of beetle wings and reported their lightweight nature; high strength; superhydrophobicity and structural coloration [33]. Beetle wings are composed of a forewing (also known as elytron) and a hind wing. For the development of lightweight biomimetic materials, the compressive properties of the beetle elytron plate (BEP, a type of biomimetic sandwich plate inspired from beetle elytra) and the underlying mechanism thereof were investigated. 3b–3f) and inside of scales, sharply bent at the marginal joint when folded. Z. Phys. 6.4. The nanomechanical properties of multilayer elytron cuticle of. Technology Development Projects of Jilin Province (grant no. 2. Sun and J. Tong, Fracture toughness properties of three. 56 (g), All figure content in this area was uploaded by Jiyu Sun, All content in this area was uploaded by Jiyu Sun on Oct 22, 2015, Structure and mechanical properties of beetle wings: a review, Received 25th June 2012, Accepted 27th September 2012, The elytra are rigid. Mechanical fastening, conventional welding and adhesive bonding are The values for the “fresh” samples showed no clear difference from those of the “dry” ones. Representative data, are presented in Table 2. They include furniture beetles, skin beetles, lady beetles, long-. In nature, hierarchical structures with dimensions of features ranging from the macroscale to the nanoscale are extremely common and provide properties of interest. For hind wings, both veins and membranes consist of a double, layer of cuticle, a biological fibrous composite material with, mechanical properties ranging from very stiff to flexible. 11c shows the sequence of the interlocking, steps: (Step 1) overlapping by a preload, (Step 2) pairing of the, fibers by VdW interactions, and (Step 3) distortion of the fibers. Beetle wings are composed of a forewing (also known as elytron) and a hind wing. Several nanotheranostic approaches (i.e., diagnostic plus therapeutic using nanoscale) conferring unique features are constantly progressing and overcoming all the limitations of conventional medicines including specificity, efficacy, solubility, sensitivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability, interactions at subcellular levels. (a) Adult female, dorsal view; peaks and troughs are evident on the surface of the elytra; (b) A 'bump' on the elytron; depressed areas of the otherwise black elytron are stained positively (waxy, colored), whereas the peaks of the bumps remain unstained (waxfree; black); (c) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the textured surface of the depressed areas. Then we prove that there is no embedding of the phenomenologically symmetric geometry of two sets of rank (n + 1, n + 2) in the phenomenologically symmetric geometry of two sets of rank (n +1, n +3). Biomimetics, or more accurately, biological inspiration or bioinspiration, allows engineers and scientists to develop materials and devices of commercial interest by taking inspiration from nature. The essence of this method is to find the metric functions of phenomenologically symmetric geometries of two high-rank sets by the known phenomenologically symmetric geometries of two sets of a rank which is lower by unity. (c) the longitudinal direction. It was found that the water collection efficiency, could be optimized by controlling the wettability contrast of the, superhydrophobic/hydrophilic patterns as well as the ratio of the, pinning force for a given bump was constant and did not depend, on the drop volume. are highly specialized for aquatic and semi-aquatic life, living, amongst sand grains and other particulates and grazing on films, Archostemata is the smallest suborder of beetles, comprising, approximately 35 recent species, and is consistently shown as the, (b) and (c) Optical images showing the arrangement of white scales imbricating the, (d) Optical image of the elytra of beetle, (e) SEM image of several partially overlapping green, (f) SEM image of diffraction grating of the elytra of the scarab beetle, Cryo SEM image of the elytron surface in a fresh female. 4b, which, appears to depend on their location in the cuticle. or in a thesis or dissertation provided that the correct acknowledgement is given This review introduces two major aspects of nanotechnology as an innovative and challenging theranostic strategy or solution: (i) the most intriguing (bare and functionalized) nanomaterials with their respective advantages and drawbacks; (ii) the current and promising multifunctional “smart” nanodevices. Microstructural evidence from crack surface images and X-ray microtomography reveals intricate mixing of twisting and branching cracks during failure, and is explained via an analytical model. Water droplets impacting on the hydrophilic region of the wing cannot rebound, whereas those impacting on the hydrophobic region can retract and completely rebound. Beeman, Insect cuticle as a biomimetic, 22 S. Enders, N. Barbakadse, S. N. Gorb and E. Arzt, Exploring. under environmental exposure, reducing strength and causing premature failure. 8c). The elytra have an ingenious structure with superhydrophobic characteristics, a structural coloration and anti-adhesion characteristics. observed under optical microscopy (Fig. Recently, biomimetics, i.e., the mimicry of biological structures and functions, has emerged as a burgeoning area in tactile sensors, which has resulted in innovations in material designing and device structure manipulation to imitate the intelligent tactile sensing features of the human skin. This may be a result of the composite effect of, the multilayer. but in a totally different way from the desert beetle. Defects play a major role in determining the mechanical properties of materials. These observations could be applied in developing tough, impact- and crushresistant Flexible tactile sensors have shown significant importance in various applications, including touch panels, artificial skins, human-machine interfaces, and wearable medical devices. (Fig. color with humidity, the ‘‘wax filaments’’ meshwork that, accumulates at low humidity reduces transcuticular water loss, and may lower the rate at which the body temperature rises, under a radiation load by increasing reflectance (Fig. Inspired by the well-known Bouligand structure found in tough natural materials, we use a helical build sequence in which each layer is added at a defined pitch angle relative to the previous layer. Although the elytra sometimes flap in unison with the hindwings the stroke angle is usually small (20° or less, Burton and Sandeman, 1961); even the flea-beetle elytron, which may beat through 90° (Brackenbury and Wang, 1995), is relatively small in area compared with the hind-wing and makes little contribution to overall aerodynamic force generation. The highly compact wing folding found in small-sized beetles is very interesting; however, the weakness in the mechanical properties of the wings limits the possible applications. And scientists have just used a suite of tools to discover the physical and mechanical properties that give the diabolical ironclad beetle its incredible fortitude. The physical model consist of four parts arranged horizontally and is based on the main structure of wing venation. elytra, produced by complex and graded interfaces. Therefore, investigating the hindwings and their folding, unfolding and flight activation mechanisms will be helpful in designing deployable MAVs. materials for joining dissimilar materials. color of Japanese jewel beetle resulted from thermosensitive porous, under water: comparative morphology and functional aspects of air-. 80, Wetting characteristics of beetle wing surfaces, Morphologies of beetle wings. (a) Small water droplets sprayed on a (PAA/PAH/silica nanoparticle/semi-fluorosilane) superhydrophobic surface with, m amino-polystyrene microspheres. In Lepidoptera and Psocoptera, scales provide, color and pattern, which serve many functions in defense, display. of, The 2009 : IEEE International Conference on. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. others, ground beetles, tiger beetles, whirligigs, predaceous, diving beetles and wrinkled bark beetles. (a) Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of longitudinal node grooves and the channel in the nodes in the elytron of dung beetle, Copris ochus Motschulsky. The, distributions of species investigated mostly belong to the family, much attention. Myxophaga is the second smallest suborder of Coleoptera. (1) The elytra has a lightweight border frame structure and has an optimal design, which includes variable cross-sections suitable for different positions and enables the required moment of inertia needed for flight. From a standpoint of engineering applications, the high rigidity and strength of wings in large-sized beetles are attractive; however, the storing efficiency is not high. 68 (d) Optical image of the elytra of beetle Chrysina gloriosa , showing bright yellow reflections from the core of each cell ( y 10 mm in size) and greenish reflection from the edges. in toughness compared with a frequently used engineering joint. procuticle is subdivided into the exocuticle and the endocuticle. The elytra are rigid. Ball, On the structure and mechanical, Wu, Y. Takanishi, K. Ishikawa and H. Takezoe, Electro-tunable, optical diode based on photonic band gap liquid-crystal hetero-, its laminated structure of the fore-wing of beetle, In. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2010. Multiple zeta values are in fact periods of unramified mixed Tate motives, a full subcategory of all mixed Tate motives. Gradient wettability is important for some living organisms. Joining dissimilar materials such as plastics and metals in engineered structures remains Model of the structure producing the color of the elytra of. that were used for coating the nanograss structure and for constructing bumps. The rotation angle and wing locking system of elytra are important features which increase beetles' ability to fly; they may furnish an insight for portable micro air vehicles (MAVs) and also provide inspiration for the design of bioinspired deployable systems. Authors contributing to RSC publications (journal articles, books or book chapters) Review of beetle forewing structures and their biomimetic applications in China: (II) On the three-dimensional structure, modeling and imitation. Based on tensile, testing, the oriented arrangements of anisotropic fibres affect the, mechanical properties of elytra. thorax. reminiscent of the lotus leaf. 11d and 11e, heartbeats under two different. Structure and mechanical properties of beetle wings: a review Jiyu Sun and Bharat Bhushan 2012 RSC Advances 2 12606. 201200007), by the Project of the, National Twelfth-Five Year Research Program of China. 5a and 5b show the models of the trabecula. Since beetle (Coleoptera, an order of insects) wings exhibit special functionalities, they have sparked worldwide research attention. E-mail: bhushan.2@osu.edu, applications to bio/nanotechnology, and biomimetics. Folding may sometimes occur, in the hind wings of beetles, they are normally radial to the base, of the wing, allowing inward retraction of the wing tip and. contained in this article in third party publications Then, to obtain new ideas for the improved composite material, the fore-wing of Allomyrina dichotoma was used, and its mechanical properties, reinforcement mechanism and micro structures were investigated. Substantial parametric gain was observed at two specific incident angles of and , with the signal/idler wave propagating collinearly/non-collinearly to a 532 nm pump. Corresponding authors, a average intensity of 300–400 Pa), were monitored with time, suggesting that the signals could be differentiated by the, discernible magnitudes and frequencies of the corresponding, In keeping with the high interest in MAVs, microfabrication, technologies have been developed in an attempt to mimick a. beetle wing to construct a realistic vein–membrane structure. the PAAm–P(St–MMA–AA) PC hydrogel was sensitive to. 85 M. Rassart, J. F. Colomer, T. Tabarrant and J. P. Vigneron, Diffractive hygrochromic effect in the cuticle of the hercules beetle, Scale coloration change following water absorption in the beetle. It is well known that the structure analyses of the organism give some important hints for material development. is available on our Permission Requests page. 31970454), Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy. Indeed, there is generally a profound influence of reducing physical dimensions of particulates and devices on their physico-chemical characteristics, biological properties, and performance. colour: opal analogue discovered in a weevil. Large, Multilayer, reflectors in animals using green and gold beetles as contrasting, 82 A. Parker, V. L. Welch, D. Driver and N. Martini, Structural. Studies of the structural and mechanical properties in biological systems may improve the understanding of natural solutions and advance the design of novel artificial materials. Rev. The elytra have an ingenious structure with superhydrophobic characteristics, a structural coloration and anti-adhesion characteristics. the highest number of species is Carabidae, or ground beetles. All rights reserved. of the elytron cuticle of the Rose chafer beetle, scanning images of the dry elytra after the test in (a) the vertical direction (the circle shows one indent), (b) the transverse direction, and, (yellow mealworm) at various tanning stages were tested, ) increase by nearly 20-fold, whereas the frequency, diminishes. 4d); the chitin, distinguished under the surface and wax layer, some of the chitin, fibrils even connect to adjacent fibers creating a network of fibril, bridging (upper half of Fig. failure. A beetle's functional wings, which allow flying, are the hind wings. 2a); at the microscopic level, the peaks of these, bumps with no covering contrast the troughs covered by a wax, coating (Fig. Inspired by this wing-locking device, artificial. Mimicking unfolding motion of a beetle hind wing, of a beetle’s free flight and a flapping-wing system that mimics beetle, dependent reversible mechanical interlocking using beetle-inspired, K. Y. (b) Illustration of a beetle-inspired interlocking structure with upper and lower fiber arrays. Chapman, 1982) and will not be discussed further in this paper. The difference, in angle between neighboring helicoidal plies is about 25, that between successive plies is about 85, structure has been found in the elytra of the carabid beetle, laminated laths consisting of smaller chitin fibrils embedded in a, protein matrix. E-mail: sjy@jlu.edu.cn, Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, (NLB2), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1142, USA. Besides, a unique nanosized biocomposite, using CNTs and nature's intricate components (e.g., butterfly's wings) as a template, was fabricated. Tests on fresh and dried samples of dung beetle (, desiccation on the results and point out the importance of. 4c). venation and the distribution pattern of resilin will have an effect, probably results from the contraction of muscles attached to the. M, microstructure of elytra; I, internal microstructure of elytra; S, internal microstructure of scales. Quantitative measurements of the mechanical properties of insect cuticle are a useful tool in the development of bio-mimetic materials suitable for industrial products. insects. These phenomena are due to simultaneous quasi-phase-matching OPG processes. 3l and 3m, Additionally, cuticular scales on elytra, which should be wear-, resistant, have been suggested to be responsible for maintaining, The insect exoskeleton, or cuticle, is an excellent example of a, natural, structural, fiber-reinforced, polymeric composite and, consists of epicuticle, procuticle and epidermal cells. Examples of bioinspired structure and materials are also, 1 – morphology; 2 – elytra internal structure; 3 – wettability; 4 – structural color; 5 – wing locking; 6 – hind wing folding;7 – mechanica, With more than 350 000 species, beetles are the largest order of. Examples of bioinspired structures and materials are also presented. (c) The, elytron of the carabid beetle (Carabusarcensis) is composed of long chitin fibers which cross in layers one above the other at 90. are also interlinked with thin fibers which further enhance the coherence of individual layers. and the black band regions displaying hydrophobic character-, hydrophilic parts can absorb humidity, which induces color, changing. Those are, closely related to the microstructures both on the surface and, on the inside. The porous structure consists of chitin plies linked to each other by chitin, 10 mm), where each cell appears to be green, ), which appears to be made up of a series of, Relationships between structural colors, microstructure and optical mechanisms in beetles, beetle, the SEM image shows that the fractured, , TDM microtrichial fields. We first explain the representation of multiple zeta values as period integrals due to Kontsevich. Examples of this span from dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates in metallurgy to voids and imperfect interfaces in natural composites. Bioinspiration opens up new directions in materials science, nanotechnology, photonics and several other fields of science, Since the beetle (Coleoptera, an order of, insect) is the most diverse insect order (comprising about 400, species) and exhibits some remarkable features, its wings have, Beetle wings are composed of a forewing (also known as, elytron) and a hind wing; see Fig. Their inner structure, consisting of trabeculae, chitin fibers arrangement, helicoidal, plies and preformed holes provides light mass and high strength, which provides inspiration for the design of advanced composite, materials. One nanoindentation image (d) shows signs of the residual deformation and elastic recovery. In 1974 when I published my book, Biological Mechanism of Attachment, not many pages were required to report on the attachment devices of insect cuticles. Nature has been kind enough to provide us with a 3-billion year old portfolio of Her on-going experimentation with living systems. Periods as functions of parameters in the case of families of algebraic varieties become interesting special functions, called (multiple) polylogarithms.Many questions about multiple zeta values and (multiple) polylogarithms are still open, in particular about their transcendence properties. Poisson’s ratio in the chordwise direction is 0.63–0.73 and, approximately twice as large as that in the spanwise direction, (0.33–0.39), and it can be concluded that the membrane of a, beetle’s hind wing is an anisotropic and non-homogeneous, To investigate the cross-linking relationships between compo-, nents, the hydration and mechanical properties of the elytra of. 79 G. J. Parker, Biomimetically-inspired photonic nanomaterials, 81 A. R. Parker, D. R. McKenzie and M. C. J. Biological knowledge develops in the form of a stepped curve rather than linear, as reflected in the studies carried out on the attachment devices of insect cuticles. characteristic also helps dung beetles to reduce soil adhesion. 104 (b) and (c) Optical images showing the arrangement of white scales imbricating the elytra of Cyphochilus beetle 112 and Calothyrza margaritifera . 8b) and longitudinal direction. In this chapter, we present insight into the lightweight composite structure of the beetle forewing, including its mechanical prop erties and practical applications. architectural designs within the exoskeleton of this beetle, and examine the resulting Insect Biotechnology, (Biologically-Inspired. Dr. Stanislav N. Gorb now describes the present day level of our knowledge, to which he has personally contributed so much, and a research team working on biological microtribology has gradually developed, also. ular. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Rev. Fetching data from CrossRef. * 11a). Sun, X. P. Liu, J. Tong and Z. Y. Yue, Sensitive elastic, International Symposium on Precision Engineering Measurements, the hierarchical structure of elytra cuticle of dung beetle (, investigation of the properties of the elytra cuticle of the dung beetle. geometry include agricultural equipment such as furrow openers, plows and tillers which demonstrate lower resistance and power, Beetle elytra frequently exhibit fascinating coloration and, some may even be switchable. He has also. Earlier studies measured the mechanical properties of elytra but very few have tested the mechanical response of its whole structure. The strategy, of structural color change may not only help obtain insight into, the biological functionality of structural coloration, but may also. The structure parameters as mechanisms bodies that allow wings of various beetle species to … The elytra are rigid. A beetle's functional wings, which allow flying, are the hind wings. mechanical response and toughening mechanisms. The folding/unfolding mechanisms of beetle hind wings may. grease smeared over the surface is visible. This may take some time to load. However, Nature is severely limited in the materials that are at Her disposal so that as engineers we can improve on Nature’s solutions to particular problems by taking Her design template as a starting point and then incorporating our own more appropriate materials, or nanomaterials into that template design. Go to our (d) Hole used as a transport channel with chitin fibers, (e) FESEM image of the cross section of the elytron of a dung beetle (. design of co-opted fields of microtrichia and cuticle, in the elytra-to-body arresting mechanism in Tenebrionid Beetles. However, the very nature of forming a material in increments produces a set of characteristic defects (e.g., void formation due to incomplete merger of new material), which results in local heterogeneity and anisotropy. The elytra have an ingenious structure with superhydrophobic characteristics, a structural coloration and anti-adhesion characteristics. Light grey shading indicates resilin in the wing; dark grey shading delimits apical and anal fields. E: Stat., Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys, 111 D. Voigt, H. Peisker and S. Gorb, Visualization of Epicuticular, Grease on the Covering Wings in the Colorado Potato Beetle: A. edited by B. Bhushan and H. Fuchs, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 113 V. Welch and J. Vigneron, Beyond butterflies- the diversity of. 11b. For beetles living surrounded by dirt, such as the dung. template and subsequent photopolymerization. microscopy, spectroscopy and in situ mechanical testing, we identify multiscale The. Structural Characteristics of Allomyrina Dichotoma Beetle's Hind Wings for Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle Ngoc San Ha et al 2014 Journal of Bionic Engineering 11 226. material technology: learning from biodiversity, Leader and A. Mcnaughton, Natural and nanoengineered chiral. (8% of Coleoptera), Carabidae (8% of Coleoptera), Cerambycidae (6% of Coleoptera), Tenebrionidae (5% of, Coleoptera) and Buprestidae (4% of Coleoptera) are all wide-, Polyphagans include the vast majority of beetle diversity, with. AA, Analis Anterior; AP, Analis Posterior; CuA, Cubitus Anterior; J, Jugal; lf, longitudinal fold; MP, Media Posterior; RA, Radius Anterior; RP, Radius Posterior; ScA, Subcosta Anterior; tf, (Fig. This review includes the smart designs of structural materials and the functional device architectures inspired by biology, which have opened new avenues to develop high-performance flexible tactile sensors and advanced artificial sensory systems. We determined the relationship between composition and mechanical properties of elytra (modified forewings that are composed primarily of highly sclerotized dorsal and less sclerotized ventral cuticles) from the beetles Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) and Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm). In this study, a micro-tensile tester was used to investigate the mechanical properties of elytra cuticle of the dung beetle (Copris ochus Motschulsky). with a bright yellow core or nucleus (Fig. 4g). In this paper, the morphological and histological structure of the wings of two species of beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum, has been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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