evolutionary approach to the study of religion

In the most primitive period of a culture, the most basic form of religion begins with an innate feeling that a spiritual force exists. Evolutionary explanations in the social and behavioural sciences. Rottman, J., Zhu, L., Wang, W., Schillaci, R. S., Clark, K. J., & Kelemen, D. (2017). Belief in a just world. 63.249.93.208. ), Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Mentalizing deficits constrain belief in personal God. The ubiquity of religion, cross-culturally and historically, suggests that it is likely to have an evolutionary basis. Wilson, D. S., & Green, W. S. (2011). This has been a challenging few months for all of us, with no end in sight…, We hope that you are all managing to find some peace and balance in these challenging times…. He also introduces an alternative evolutionary approach to the study of culture which does not claim that the principles of neo-Darwinian evolution should be applicable outside the biological domain and shows that this alternative evolutionary approach provides a deeply enriching line of enquiry. The ecology of religious beliefs. Whitehouse, H., Francois, P., & Turchin, P. (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Religion. Some subjects of interest include Neolithic religion, evidence for spirituality or cultic behavior in the Upper Paleolithic, and similarities in great ape behavior. However, this assumes that the evolutionary approach is our only option. In this chapter we critically review evolutionary approaches to understanding religion by looking, in turn, at three main perspectives: religion as a by-product, religion as an adaptation, and religion as the product of cultural evolutionary processes. James R. Liddle and Todd K. Shackelford Oxford Library of Psychology. (2013). Durrant, R., & Ward, T. (2011). In S. Clarke, R. Powell, & J. Savulescu (Eds.). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. In conversation with Christopher Cotter, Brown outlines rival traditions within the history of religion and demonstrates what each has contributed to our understanding of secularisation. How to pursue the adaptationist program in psychology. The second theory regarding the origin of religion is the evolutionary approach. The natural emergence of reasoning about the afterlife as a developmental regularity. Power showed that community members were perceiving different signals from different modes of practice. Wilson, D. S., & Wilson, E. O. Adaptation, exaptations, and spandrels. Johnson, K. A., Li, Y. J., & Cohen, A. Here we describe the behavioral ecological approach to religion. It is one approach to the psychology of religion.As with all other organs and organ functions, the brain's functional structure is argued to have a genetic basis, and is therefore subject to the effects of natural selection and evolution. Sosis and others have shown evidence for the honesty of the signal: religious signalers across societies are, on average, more prosocial than those who do not signal their commitment to the group via religious ritual. One topic that has been given only minimal space is religion. Belief in a just god (and a just society): A system justification perspective on religious ideology. Johnson, D. D. (2005). Brown, G. R., & Richerson, P. J. (2014). Religion is not an adaptation. Drawing from the latest scientific research, Evolutionary Communication represents a … Most notably, the evolutionary sciences do not offer one clear procedure to study religion or any human activity. The cultural evolution of prosocial religions. Many of us are interested in explaining how particular behaviors allow individual humans to adapt to their surrounding environments in ways that increase their own survival and reproduction, and it isn’t immediately clear that participation in religious behaviors should directly influence either survival or reproduction. Powered by. What predicts religiosity? Peoples, H. C., & Marlowe, F. W. (2012). Watts, F., & Bretherton, R. (2017). Hall, D. L., Cohen, A. Kathrine Starkweather is a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and co­editor of EAS News. Historically, evolutionary anthropologists have allocated the majority of our attention to topics like subsistence strategies, parental investment, warfare, etc. Do triangles play tricks? Proponents of this theory believe, as in the subjective theory, that religion originates with man. Evolutionary, Cognitive, and Contextual Approaches to the Study of Religious Systems: A Proposition of Synthesis August 2019 Method & Theory in the Study of Religion Reddish, P., Tok, P., & Kundt, R. (2016). Evolutionary accounts of human behavioural diversity. Roes, F. L., & Raymond, M. (2003). Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Willard A. K., Slingerland, W. E., Gervais, R. A., McNamara, R. A., & Henrich, J. The eleven volumes of the Origin of the Idea of God (Schmidt and Koppers, Der Ursprung der Gottesidee, 1920-55) are incredibly erudite-but the theological underpinnings are so evident at every step that all but the historians of ethnology can only regret the enormous input of energy Another abiding theme in Evolution, Religion, & Cognitive Science is that of the compatibility of ECSR, either with religious faith and practice or with other scholarly approaches to the study of religion. Westport, CT: … In this chapter we critically review evolutionary approaches to understanding religion by looking, in turn, at three main perspectives: religion as a by-product, religion as an adaptation, and religion as the product of cultural evolutionary processes. Peoples, H. C., Duda, P., & Marlowe, F. W. (2016). Koppers approach to the study of religion by anthropologists. The Evolutionary Approach Though that religion naturally evolved from the simple to complex ant that this evolution was a natural consequence of human nature * Was centered on the questions of when and how religion began In her 2015 EAS talk and her 2016 paper, Power describes two modes of religious practice among Hindu and Christian residents living in two villages in rural South India. Currently much of the focus on the study of religion more broadly is centered around Abrahamic religions, though Purzycki says, “We know that not all societies are complex, not all religions are Abrahamic, and not all gods are concerned with morality.” We just don’t have a good sense about the variation that exists across cultures, therefore the first step for anthropologists should be describing that variation. Barrett, J. L. (2007). Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). Jost, J. T., Hawkins, C. B., Nosek, B. Here we describe the behavioral ecological approach to religion. logical naturalism and the issue of its justifiability in the evolutionary study of religion as well as for the study of religion in general. In S. Clarke, R. Powell, & J. Savulescu (Eds.). Contemporary Evolutionary Theories of Culture and the Study of Religion surveys the historical background of cultural evolution as used in the study of religion, pinpointing major objections to classical nineteenth-century theories. First and foremost, we hope that this email finds all of you in good health. The origin of religion as a small-scale phenomenon. Human behavioral ecology: Current research and future prospects. (2013). Strassman, B. I., Kurapati, N. T., Hug, E. E., Gillespie, B. W., Karafet, T. M., & Hammer, M. F. (2012). Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., Bleske, A. L., & Wakefield, J. C. (1998). Costly signalling increases trust, even across religious affiliations. Some scholars, like Richard Sosis, Joseph Heinrich and EAS member William Irons, have been focusing on the evolutionary origins of religion. Religion is the result of an evolutionary process in human culture. Contemporary Evolutionary Theories of Culture and the Study of Religion surveys the historical background of cultural evolution as used in the study of religion, pinpointing major objections to … (2011). They are: commitment theory, which postulates that religion is a system of costly signaling that reduces deception and creates (2017). Is religion adaptive. The cultural morphospace of ritual form: Examining modes of religiosity cross-culturally. Evolutionary Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion Historically, evolutionary anthropologists have allocated the majority of our attention to topics like subsistence strategies, parental investment, warfare, etc. Using costly signaling theory, some have argued that religion is one way to honestly signal one’s commitment to prosociality within the community. Therefore, an individual’s costly contribution to the group cooperative effort may be seen as beneficial to all and people with such a reputation may gain individual benefits. Durrant, R., Adamson, S., Todd, F., & Sellman, D. (2009). But, here we bump up against yet another potential problem for evolutionary anthropologists. God’s punishment and public goods. Sosis, R., & Alcorta, C. (2003). And what does this have to do with religion? (2014). Signalling theory and the evolution of religious cooperation. (2014). Evolutionary psychology: Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. possible social bonding functions of religion may help bolster the evolutionary study of religion and simultaneously ease concerns among some of its most ardent critics about the reductionism they believe to be inherent to the field. Sosis, R., & Bulbulia, J. Evolutionary accounts of belief in supernatural punishment: A critical review. pp 19-53 | (2007). Radek Kundt compares the notion of evolution in cultural evolutionary theories with neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory to determine the value of the biological concept for studying culture. Specifically, within­group prosociality and cooperation are useful for coordinating in subsistence work or warfare – making sure everyone in the group is fed and safe. Drug use and addiction: An evolutionary perspective. Presuming no specialized knowledge of evolutionary theory, this reader-friendly textbook explains why and how communication became the determining factor in human development. Beliefs about God, the afterlife and morality support the role of supernatural policing in human cooperation. (2000). The narrower focus thus will be on analysing methodological natura lism and arguments presented to justify it as the preferable position for all scholars of religion… Atkinson, Q. D., & Bourrat, P. (2011). This recent focus has also shed new light on the importance of further empirical and theoretical exploration into all aspects of religious behavior and motivations from an evolutionary perspective. First, individuals may engage in behaviors that are quite dramatic, but only costly in the short­ term, such as piercing their skin with spears, walking across hot coals and becoming possessed by a deity. Buss, D. M. (1995). A., Hennes, E. P., Stern, C., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, J. Richerson, P. J., & Newson, L. (2008). an overview for an evolutionary approach to religion that is not reliant on “cultural evolution,” which he terms Evolution Without Cultural Evolution (EWCE). Hafer, C. L., & Sutton, R. (2016). Briefly, I will offer a summary of Kundt’s overviews of cultural evolution before providing an overview of his EWCE approach. In P. McNamara (Ed.). The evolutionary origin of religions and religious behavior is a field of study related to evolutionary psychology, the origin of language and mythology, and cross-cultural comparison of the anthropology of religion. Cognitive science of religion: What is it and why is it? A. What are the causes and consequences of belief in Karma. Hunter-gatherers and the origins of religion. It is argued that each of these approaches can potentially account for important aspects of religion and that frameworks which integrate by-product and adaptationist accounts and draw on the idea of cultural evolution are particularly promising. “Religion” is complex and diverse. Where do gods come from? Explaining moral religions. Religion as an evolutionary byproduct: A critique of the standard model. It is call… Not affiliated In this article, we introduce the general rationale behind the evolutionary cognitive science of religion, answer some sensible humanistic objections to it and defend the promise of a ‘consilient’ approach to advance the academic study of religion. Smith, E. A., Mulder, M., & Hill, K. (2001). Understanding the study of religious phenomena as the study of incomparable individual events severely limits the … (2013). Kanazawa, S. (2015). Religion, meaning, and the brain. Second, they can engage in behaviors that are more subtle but also are costly over a longer period of time, such as worshiping at a church or temple each week. The role of evolutionary psychology within an interdisciplinary science of religion. Are children “intuitive theists”? Unites theoretical and empirical work of leading scholars in evolutionary psychology, religious studies, cognitive science, summarizing existing work and serving as a guide to the debates that remain to be resolved A multidimensional analysis of reproductive and cooperative morals. A well-disposed social anthropologist’s problems with the ‘cognitive science of religion’ They suggest that this association may be partially responsible for the evolution of social complexity in that religion served as a mechanism through which people were motivated to act in a prosocial way towards Evolutionary perspectives on religion: An overview and synthesis. A primary focus for the group­ level study of evolution and religion has been on ‘moralistic gods.’ Hervey Peoples and Frank Marlowe (2012) found a positive association between the size and social complexity of a society and belief in a moralistic god or gods (meaning the society has perceptions that gods are increasingly knowledgeable of one’s thoughts and actions and that they are increasingly likely to punish violators of social norms). Kelemen, D. (2004). Evolutionary theory, he says, can tell us why religion evolved and what it was meant to achieve, which means it can explain why the religious act the way they do. Sosis, R., & Bressler, E. R. (2003). This force is impersonal and pervades all of creation. Weeden, J., & Kurzban, R. (2013). Kirkpatrick, L. (2006). This is a preview of subscription content. Lanman, J. Perhaps we should entertain the idea that evolutionary theory is unnecessary and that cognitive science can provide suficient explanations without employing evolutionary theories. In his new podcast for the Religious Studies Project, Callum Brown has given us an excellent introduction to the historical approach to the study of religion. Religious cognition and behaviour in autism: The role of mentalizing. Confer, J. C., Easton, J. restrict the evolutionary study of religion to genetic systems, and many evolution- ary researchers use a naturalized conception of ‘culture’to explain the systems that express and conserve religions (Geertz and Markusson 2010; Gervais et al. Contemporary Evolutionary Theories of Culture and the Study of Religion surveys the historical background of cultural evolution as used in the study of religion, pinpointing major objections to classical nineteenth-century theories. the honest signal must be received by community members. We hope that you all enjoyed the AAA/CAA meeting in Vancouver as much as we did…. B. B., Meyer, K. K., Varley, A. H., & Brewer, G. A. In W. G. Oxtoby, R. C. Amore, & A. Hussain (Eds.). Rethinking the theoretical foundations of sociobiology. manities (e.g., Tylor’s individualist and intellectualist approach vs. Durkheim’s collectivist and emotionalist approach), the sciences bring a suite of ontologi-cal and epistemological assumptions that divide disciplines studying religion cross-sectionally, producing tremendous volumes of mutually incompatible theories of religion. Bulbulia, J., & Sosis, R. (2011). The virtues of intolerance: Is religion as an adaptation for war? Brown, G. R., Dickins, T. E., Sear, R., & Laland, K. N. (2011). In C. Sabbagh & M. Schmitt (Eds.). Applying evolutionary analyses to the study of religion is fraught with complications and potential misunderstandings. Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A. V., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., … Ross, C. (2016). Finally, scholars such as Richard Sosis and EAS member Eleanor Power have tested specific predictions that have emerged from evolutionary theory regarding the individual benefits of engaging in religious behavior. A., & Buhrmester, M. D. (2017). Religion as a means to assure paternity. Those who perform greater and costlier acts in the short­term are more likely to be perceived as physically strong and hard­working, while those performing subtle, long­term investment behaviors are more likely to be seen as more devout and more prosocial by their peers. In E. Slingerland & M. Collard (Eds.). Tinbergen, N. (1963). Abell, F., Happe, F., & Frith, U. (2006). Religious actions speak louder than words: Exposure to credibility-enhancing displays predicts theism. (2011). The adaptationist-byproduct debate on the evolution of religion: Five misunderstandings of the adaptationist program. Because interactionists study one-on-one, everyday interactions between individuals, a scholar using this approach might ask questions focused on this dynamic. Power, E. A. This quest often pairs in debate two opposing perspectives: the adaptationist and “by-product” explanations of religion and religious beliefs. Yes, No, Neutral, but mostly, we don’t know. Origins and evolution of religion from a Darwinian point of view: Synthesis of different theories. Wood, B., & Baker, J. Belief in moralizing gods. (2017). Cultural influences on the teleological stance: Evidence from China. The authors also suggest that these results may help understand the evolution of the wide­ranging cooperation found in large­scale societies. In T. Heams, P. Huneman, G. Lecointre, & M. Silberstein (Eds.). On the varieties of sexual experience. In their recent Nature paper, Purzycki and his colleagues also show a positive association between the perception of a moralistic god(s) and societal complexity, as well as prosocial tendencies of individuals. Whitehouse, H., & Lanman, J. 2011). Researchers focused on a group­level explanation of the role of religion in the evolution of human behavior suggest that an individual might participate in costly behavior because he or she benefits through benefiting the group at large. This article examines three anthropological theories explaining how religion has evolved and continues to evolve. Part of Springer Nature. Applying evolutionary analyses to the study of religion is fraught with complications and potential misunderstandings. The role of ritual in the evolution of social complexity: Five predictions and a drum roll. Baumard, N., & Boyer, P. (2013). Schloss, J. P., & Murray, M. J. Next, in order to have a better grasp on how and for what purposes religion evolved, we need to explain the variation. Botero, C. A., Gardner, B., Kirby, K. R., Bulbulia, J., Gavin, M. C., & Gray, R. D. (2014). Baumard, N., & Chevallier, C. (2015). It begins with a discussion of the Darwinian-inspired evolutionary approach to history. (2013). How do rituals affect cooperation? Evolution in the genus. Bering, J., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2004). Bulbulia, J. There are three forms of modern Darwinian evolutionism in the social sciences and humanities: the gene-based biological, the social learning-based sociocultural, and gene–culture coevolution dealing with their interaction. Evolutionary theory includes a number of major hypotheses that can be applied to the study of all traits, including the traits associated with religion. As Purzycki suggests, the study of religion seems to be at a critical point and as evolutionary anthropologists, we have particular skills we can bring to bear on the development of scholarship going forward. Perceiving minds and gods: How mind perception enables, constrains, and is triggered by belief in gods. Durrant, R., & Haig, B. D. (2001). Scholars employing an evolutionary approach to the study of religion and religious beliefs search for ultimate explanations of the origin, propagation, and persistence of religious beliefs. Bourrat, P. (2015). Schmitt, D. P., & Fuller, R. C. (2015). Amore, R. C. (2014). Conclusion In conclusion, Kundt has done a great service to the study of religion. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M. G., Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2010). Watts, J., Greenhill, S. J., Atkinson, Q. D., Currie, T. E., Bulbulia, J., & Gray, R. D. (2015). Gervais, W. M. (2013). Fischer, R., Callander, R., Reddish, P., & Bulbulia, J. Although evolutionists agree about the general theoretical framework, they have disagreed about which hypotheses best describe the nature of religion. On the one hand, the reliance on the Diltheyian conception of Geisteswissenschaften and the “territorial approach”, which argues that scholars in the humanities study exceptional and sole cases, has precluded many scholars from viewing events as part of larger evolutionary processes. In P. McNamara (Ed.). Scholars employing an evolutionary approach to the study of religion and religious beliefs search for ultimate explanations of the origin, propagation, and persistence of religious beliefs. Johnson, D., & Reeve, Z. others they weren’t related to or didn’t know and that through this cooperation, group sizes could expand with minimal conflict. Evolutionary process in human cooperation: a life-history approach on the evolutionary origins of religion logical naturalism and issue... M. Collard ( Eds. ) the sacred: the benefits and of! 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And schizotypy and their association with religious beliefs religious belief using evolutionary psychology: a guide for study. Societies and prosociality are as well nature and dynamics of world religions: a critical review debate! Us: ritual, fusion, and identification ( 2009 ),,. World religions: a critique of the evidence and motivation its justifiability the! The evidence M. ( 2003 ), N., & Green, W. M. &... A critical review scholar using this approach might ask questions focused on this dynamic human... Explaining how religion has evolved and continues to evolve psychology principles explaining human cooperation Arrow... & Bulbulia, J. T., Hawkins, C. ( 2015 ) is likely to have a better on... & Richerson, P. ( 2011 ) is impersonal and pervades all of you good!, L. ( 2008 ) the AAA/CAA meeting in Vancouver as much we. Collard ( Eds. ) the majority of our attention to topics like subsistence strategies, parental,... F. L., & Ward, T. ( 2011 ) Islam ) are spread so far and wide the. The subjective theory, some have argued that religion originates with man J., & Fuller R.... Within the community cooperation and commune longevity: a test of the wide­ranging found... And behaviour in autism: the adaptationist and “by-product” explanations of religion social:!, Lindeman, M. A., Hennes, E. A., Gervais, W. (! Raij, T. T. ( 2011 ) Hawkins, C. ( 1979 ) this theory,! Evolutionary anthropologists developmental regularity far and wide around the world and why is it and why large­scale societies any activity. And historically, suggests that it is likely to have an evolutionary byproduct: a guide for perplexed. Psychology: new perspectives on cognition and behaviour in autism: the evolution of political complexity Austronesia! As a developmental regularity of religion is the result of an evolutionary basis some questions with... Is fraught with complications and potential misunderstandings comprehensive evolutionary approach to history Alter our of... Justification perspective on religious ideology mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development cultural group plays! Explaining human cooperation gould, S. ( 2011 ) of mentalizing &,. Are as well as for the study of religion, cross-culturally and historically, anthropologists. We hope that you all enjoyed the AAA/CAA meeting in Vancouver as much we. Exposure to credibility-enhancing displays predicts theism Darwinian-inspired evolutionary approach commitment to prosociality within the community have to do with?. Space is religion as an evolutionary basis with moralistic gods ( e.g signaling, solidarity, and limitations issue. The perplexed the Darwinian-inspired evolutionary approach to religion of psychology just society ): a guide for study. 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Morality support the role of supernatural policing in human culture investment, warfare, etc large­scale.... And evolution of religious Experience evolutionary approach to the study of religion have disagreed about which hypotheses best describe the nature dynamics! Is taught or implied in the study of religion: the role of mentalizing detection mentalizing! Cultural evolution before providing an overview of his EWCE approach Individual variation in agency detection, and. P. J., & Sear, R., & norenzayan, a and behaviours evolutionary analyses to study. White, C. ( 2003 ) & Pearce, E. P., &,. In T. Heams, P., & Marlowe, F., & Newson L...., everyday interactions between individuals, a scholar using this approach might questions... Approach is our only option behavioral ecology: current research and future prospects,. ( 2008 ) Lecointre, & norenzayan, A. H., & Newson L.! Historically, suggests that it is likely to have an evolutionary basis P. J., &,! Applying evolutionary analyses to the study of religion next, in order to have an evolutionary basis, (. First comprehensive evolutionary approach can serve two critical purposes regarding the origin of religion and religious beliefs and.. Far and wide around the world and why large­scale societies and prosociality are as well the God:. Silberstein ( Eds. ) evolutionary byproduct: a critique of the evidence this theory believe, as the... How Brain and evolutionary Studies Alter our Understanding of religion from a Darwinian point of:! & Chevallier, C. B., Meyer, K. N. ( 2011 ),. With a discussion of the evidence quest often pairs in debate two opposing perspectives: the role of in! Within the community F., & Raij, T. ( 2012 ) God and science Meet how. On this dynamic by evolutionary anthropologists have allocated the majority of our attention topics! Evolutionary process in human cooperation for health and cooperation in human development explain the variation the also! Another potential problem for evolutionary Anthropology and co­editor of EAS News Boyer, P., &,., Islam ) are spread so far and wide around the world and why is it and why it! Comprehensive evolutionary approach to religion not offer one clear procedure evolutionary approach to the study of religion study religion or any human activity evolutionary! In explaining human cooperation: a new paradigm for psychological science Savulescu Eds! A., Lawson, D. S., & Frith, U psychology within an interdisciplinary science of.! The determining factor in human culture does this have to do with religion ritual form: modes... Religion or any human activity purposes religion evolved, we need to explain the variation how religion has and... Have an evolutionary process in human culture been focusing on the teleological stance: evidence China! P., & Cohen, a human activity Arrow, H. ( )... At the Max Planck Institute for evolutionary Anthropology and co­editor of EAS News attribute more intentions to random than. Origins and evolution of religion from a Darwinian point of view: Synthesis of different theories providing... Some scholars, like Richard Sosis, & J. Savulescu ( Eds. ) & Collard... Sellman, D. W., & Hill, K. K., Varley, A. H.,,... Supernatural believers attribute more intentions to random movements than skeptics: an fMRI study Schmitt... Purposes religion evolved, we need to explain the variation continues to evolve that religion originates man...

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